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From Al-Zaytoun in Gaza Comes the Story of Najah Mohamed Shabat

Monday, February 16th, 2009

Najah, a 44-year old mother who suffers from a heart condition speaks to us of her family and their lives.

“I have nine girls and two boys. The eldest is 24-year old Nazira who graduated from Nursing School but is still unemployed. The youngest is Biark who’s 5 years old. My father-in-law offered us the house we live in now. My 9 children, husband and I all live in a 4×4 meter square room which includes a kitchen and a bathroom.”

When Najah feels helpless and fatigued she weeps in silence, veiling her sadness. Najah cannot afford to own a refrigerator or a stove. In the past her siblings who worked inside the Green Zone supported her but today, after the war and during the siege, their conditions have deteriorated. Also, two surgeries in her hands caused by blocked arteries have rendered her unfit to work.

Najah’s husband suffers from full-paralysis in one of his legs caused by a mistaken injection as a child and a disc problem in his back rendering him incapable of walking most of the time. He also requires surgery to mitigate the pain he’s almost always suffering from. Since they married over twenty years ago, he has been unable to work. Add to that, the Ministry of Social Affairs cut-off the family from social benefits once the UNRWA agreed to offer them social support to the value of $150 every three months which includes wheat, cooking oil, sugar, rice, milk in addition to $10/family member every three months.

“How would $280 for 3 months help a family of 13 members with no income?” asked Najah. During the winters the house would flood whenever it rained. “We buy plastic bags to conceal the entrance to the house in an attempt to stop the leakage, to no avail.”

Najah wept at length when she recalled how she can’t secure the most basic necessities, and how she cannot afford to purchase sanitary tissues for her seven daughters every month. She described how she would visit the public market to buy cotton sheet instead. “Do not be surprised when we wander around the house barefoot. We’re just trying to save our shoes for when we go out. My daughters leave to go to school and Sana leaves to university. Sana is in her third year of university. She has secured loans from the university to pursue her education and relies on funds coming in from relatives and other charitable individuals.” Najah added, speaking of her children and their needs.

The most painful moments Najah has to endure are the times when her children ask her for a new pair of pants, shoes or shirt- luxuries she most certainly cannot afford. Times are so difficult that the family has not tasted meat or chicken in over a year. She fears for her son Mohamed, constantly worrying that he might quit school to find ways to earn the money they do not have.

Najah was grateful for the help HCI offered her and her family. The variety and quantity of items surpassed their expectations as Najah said to us “when Eman told us about the donation, we honestly thought we would be receiving a small package, we did not imagine we would be offered large amounts of items.”

As we were handing out the relief supplies to Najah and her daughter Sana, Sana told us “We thank God every day, because we feel like we are better off than others despite our difficult conditions. We attend school and excel in our studies. During exam period, we sleep in the kitchen in order to focus or sit at the entrance of the room. Our parents love to spoil us even though our conditions are difficult. Most importantly, we love each other very much and we would never beg on the streets or knock the doors of institutions for help because we are proud people.”

Sana, who has been writing poetry since she was a little girl, offered HCI this modest gift, expressing her gratitude to HCI and all its personnel:

“Did you know ladies and gentlemen
That I, for a moment
Possessed what they call the Human Concern International
An organization like no other in this world
Its fingers can spark a candle
Even when candles and fuel run out
With its blood it extends a lifeline
And its promises are forever kept”

The spirits of the families of Gaza have not been shattered by the war. They remain resilient and thankful to HCI for finding and reaching those most in need.

(This story is part of a series of personal stories, compiled by Eman Khader, depicting the state of despair and hope seen in Gaza today. They have been compiled by HCI personnel during HCI’s relief and development work in the worst-hit areas in and around Gaza City. Through an at-home-needs assessment and extensive outreach activities each family received a parcel consisting of 27 food and hygiene items which were put together in partnership with HCI’s local partner in Gaza, The Aid and Hope Centre for the Care of Cancer Patients and their Families. Forty-eight local volunteers are helping make this project possible.)

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From The Al Shata Refugee Camp in Gaza Comes the Humanitarian Story of Sohad Hasi

Tuesday, February 10th, 2009

“My late husband Jawad has abandoned his fishing tools… he won’t  be bringing us colorful fish of all shapes and sizes anymore… our children Mohamed, Ahmed and Abdullah will keep waiting for their dad to come back home.”

This is how 27-year old Sohad, now a widow, started the conversation, fighting to hold back her tears so her children wouldn’t see her crying. She spoke of how they had moved out of the overcrowded home of her husband’s family only ten days before his death. Since the family was suffering from a serious financial crisis, especially after Jawad was compelled to quit his job ever since the Israeli authorities prohibited fishing in the Sea of Gaza, UNRWA had offered the family a small apartment to live in.

“We finally had our own space and an additional room for the children, which was of course far better than the one-room house in the camp where we lived. In that house, rain leaked through the roof and windows during the winters and in the summer it was as hot as an oven. We were all very happy and thrilled that UNRWA had offered us an apartment, but this happiness would not last.

Jawad was out to buy milk for our-two year old boy that day, when on his way back home an air strike targeted the nearby camp of Shat’a with missiles, fatally injuring him.

Recalling the incident, Sohad said, “I saw the bombing from our balcony.. I looked out and saw a young man dying alone because nobody could intervene to help him due to the thick clouds of smoke. I remember thinking to myself, God help this young man’s parents and family. When the smoke cleared out, I immediately recognized the clothes. That was my husband Jawad. I ran down the street toward him calling his name so he could hear me. Soon, the ambulance arrived and I remained with him. I begged him to wake up, to open his eyes, but he continued sleeping with a smile on his face.”

Sohad waited for two hours in the hospital. The injuries that Jawad received were beyond severe: 3 in his head and 13 all over his body. The doctors requested that Sohad leaves the hospital; there was no room for people who are not injured or dead, she was told. She did accordingly and left. On her way back home Sohad pondered out loud: “I was asking myself what will become of my future now? My eldest son is 8-years old and my youngest is 1-year and 8 months old. As soon as I walked into the house, I was informed that Jawad had died.”

“Jawad is now relieved of the misery we live in”, said Sohad. She had moved back into her parent’s house, where she is now mourning her loss. “I always dreamt of having my own house, now, I no longer can. My future is full of despair; I have no education and I have not worked a day in my life. As for my children, they will live their lives as orphans.”

“I can’t concentrate any more”, Sohad told us. “I’m concerned about my son’s lives and well-being. We barely make enough money to survive and we have no other source of income. I have not received any form of help before. Human Concern International is the first sign of hope. I am grateful for the help you have offered me and my children who are in desperate need of it. I am just happy to know that my children will have food to eat for at least 10 days. Thank you, and please do not forget us.”

I left Sohad and her sons taking the food and hygiene items out of the box, while the children were deciding on what they will be having for dinner that evening. This is one of the many stories that Gaza reveals to us these days. It might not be one of its most tragic stories, but it certainly makes us think about the future of people like Sohad and her children, and wonder what kind of future they might have without all our help.

(This story is part of a series of personal stories, compiled by Eman Khader, depicting the state of despair and hope seen in Gaza today. They have been compiled by HCI personnel during HCI’s relief and development work in the worst-hit areas in and around Gaza City. Through an at-home-needs assessment and extensive outreach activities each family received a parcel consisting of 27 food and hygiene items which were put together in partnership with HCI’s local partner in Gaza, The Aid and Hope Centre for the Care of Cancer Patients and their Families. Forty-eight local volunteers are helping make this project possible.)

From the Hay Al-Zaytoun in Gaza comes the humanitarian story of Hussam Sa’eed Abu-Warda

Tuesday, February 10th, 2009

In Gaza, life has lost all taste and colour, everyday looks just like the other. Those were Hussam’s first words when approached by HCI for assistance. Hussam, a former public servant, lost his job in 2007 and has not been able to find work since. Today, his days consist of watching TV for hours in hope that a cease-fire agreement or the like would finally bring an end to the ongoing dramatic events in the Gaza Strip.

Hussam and his and family live in Hay Al-Zaytoun, one of the worst-hit areas during the Israeli war on Gaza. Between on-going shooting and phosphoric bombs, days and nights were lost in a perpetual cycle of terror and fear.

To use the words of Hussam’s eldest daughter, 11-year old Rowan- “we were all scared to death. We would never sleep and when the bombings intensified we would hold each other and pray, so in case we die we would die together, with nothing and no one to separate us.” Rowan’s siblings, Ahmed, Mohamed, Sa’eed and Dua’, were telling of the same terror and fear they experienced. They spoke of the days when they were deprived of water, electricity and sometimes food and their complete oblivion to time. Their days were all the same, full of fear and apprehension.

While still employed Hussam’s monthly income was still insufficient to even secure food. In addition Rowan and her two brothers Ahmed and Sa’eed have suffered from a heart condition since birth. Several years ago, they underwent a number of surgeries in one of Jerusalem’s hospitals but still require constant medical attention and a healthy nutritious diet.

Despite the poverty and deprivation this family suffers from, its members remain cheerful, always smiling. Poverty has not stopped them from leading a happy life in their very modest yet clean home. Their story is that of a thousand other poor families in Gaza that continue to smile despite their loss and pain.

11-year old Rowan insisted that we take a video of her thanking HCI for its generous assistance at a time when the economic crisis in Gaza worsens and most families are finding themselves in danger of living under the poverty line. The other children were running about happily trying to appear in all pictures, mainly because they were happy to finally not have to split three boiled eggs amongst the five of them.

Hussam’s wife, Suha, was discussing how it is impossible for them to purchase any meat or chicken because of the soaring prices. “A kilo of meat is approximately $20 while a kilo of chicken costs $6. Also, cooking gas is not available so I end up using wood to cook tomatoes and other very basic meals which are cheaper and more economical.” The parcel offered by HCI, she added, will secure food for the family for at least one whole week. “I was always optimistic even throughout the most difficult times, because I knew that despite the siege and the war someone would eventually come knocking on my door- those people who did not forget us, who did not forget Gaza.”

(This story is part of a series of personal stories, compiled by Eman Khader, depicting the state of despair and hope seen in Gaza today. They have been compiled by HCI personnel during HCI’s relief and development work in the worst-hit areas in and around Gaza City. Through an at-home-needs assessment and extensive outreach activities each family received a parcel consisting of 27 food and hygiene items which were put together in partnership with HCI’s local partner in Gaza, The Aid and Hope Centre for the Care of Cancer Patients and their Families. Forty-eight local volunteers are helping make this project possible.)

Post-Conflict Recovery for Gaza: Quick Impact Programs Assisting Gazans to Rebuild Their Lives

Thursday, February 5th, 2009

As the fighting in Gaza subsidies, people have been venturing out to discover what is left of their lives. For many, the rubble reveals only further pain and despair. Civilians are no longer only concerned with mere survival, but they are now trying to come to terms with their loss.

“A number of areas inside Gaza City look like the aftermath of a strong earthquake where entire neighborhoods are beyond recognition. Some houses have been either completely leveled or badly damaged that it would be too dangerous to move back in,” reported Eman Khader, Director of HCI’s local partner NGO inside Gaza City. “For many families, everything they had worked for or achieved all their life had been destroyed. Their houses have been leveled or badly damaged; their orchards of olive, citrus, palm trees, fisheries, livestock or other forms of productive resources have been lost. They have lost everything,” she concluded.

Needs and damage assessments are still underway. The twenty-two days of conflict left over 1,300 Palestinians dead, over 5,300 injured, and caused extensive damage to commercial enterprises, public infrastructure and agriculture. In addition, the substantial emotional and psychological damage on the population resulting from these hostilities can only be imagined. The humanitarian situation has been dire following the 18-month blockade of the Gaza Strip, where 80 percent of the population was already dependent on aid. Post-conflict conditions can now only be described as calamitous.

Supplies of basic foodstuffs and fuel, and the provision of medical, water and sanitation services remain critical. The long-term implications of this most recent conflict in terms of recovery and development are mounting. The livelihoods and assets of tens of thousands of civilians are being systematically undermined through the destruction of productive resources such as fruit orchards, fisheries, and basic industries.

Families that already lived in fragile conditions prior to the conflict will find themselves today facing a very difficult situation with the loss of the much needed income; most having no savings to make new investments. These dire economic conditions consequently lead to many other problems within the single household affecting health, education and hygiene. Of particular concern is the long-term psychological impact of the conflict on children, who make up 56 percent of the population of Gaza.

HCI and partners have begun assessing the immediate needs of the population in Gaza, particularly people located in Gaza City and the northern part of the Strip, which were among the areas most affected by the three weeks of hostilities. A post-conflict emergency and recovery plan has been drafted by HCI and its partners to be implemented immediately. The plan includes interventions related to emergency assistance for the vulnerable segments of the population, particularly women, elders and children people with special needs; people who have been internally displaced or lost their homes; and families who have lost their breadwinner.

HCI is currently focusing on re-establishing basic services, such as health, education, household economic revival, and psychosocial support including the provision of food and non-food supplies.

Food and Non-food Distributions

The number of truckloads of aid permitted to enter Gaza daily by the Israeli authorities remains inadequate, and humanitarian organizations, including HCI, continue to face serious restrictions in entering Gaza.

Despite the shortage of many supplies inside Gaza, some basic food and non-food necessities are becoming available in the market inside the Strip, which are imported by Gaza-based commercial suppliers. Due to price increases and the lack of currency, however, most Gazans are not able to acquire these necessities. Furthermore, the destruction of agricultural fields means that most Gazans dependent on farming for their living can no longer secure these basic food items.

As result, HCI prepared parcels containing food and hygiene items inside Gaza to be distributed to thousands of needy Gazans inside the Strip. Each package consists of 27 items which include food items such as flour, rice, meat cans, cooking oil, powder milk for children, sugar, lentil, pasta, cheese, jam, olive oil, tea, etc, as well hygiene supplies, such as washing soap, detergents, medical powder for infants, towels and cotton. The latest distribution will commence on Saturday, February 7, which will be targeting four neighborhoods inside the Gaza City. This distribution is implemented by the HCI partner in Gaza, the Aid & Hope Center for the Care of Cancer Patients and Their Families, made up of 48 volunteers.

“Families living in the El-Zaytoun, Shoujaiya and Tal El-Hawa neighborhoods in Gaza City, as well as at the Al-Shatia Camp on the periphery of the city will benefit from those distributions. Over a span of two weeks we profiled thousands of families in those four areas who are in dire need of support.” Mme Khader explained. “Today, I visited a two-room house hosting 49 persons, the majority of them have lost their homes during the military operation,” she added, telling of stories of destruction and devastation witnessed in Gaza today, a human tragedy which continues to be silenced; perhaps the loudest silence in the world.

Dispatched Aid Trucks

During the 18-month blockade on Gaza, HCI dispatched trucks loaded with basic commodities to Gaza by land. Last November, two trucks loaded with parcels of food supplies were dispatched to Gaza by land with the help of HCI’s partner in Jordan, the Hashemite Charity Organization. The Hashemite Charity Organization assisted in the preparation of the trucks inside Jordan and transported them to Gaza by land after acquiring all necessary approvals from the relevant authorities. The trucks crossed the King Hussein Bridge and headed to the West Bank city of Jericho, before continuing their journey to the Karem Shalom border crossing in Gaza.

During the Israeli military operation, HCI dispatched additional trucks in partnership with the Hashemite Charity Organization. The latest dispatched trucks were loaded with 13 tons of tuna, sardine and meat cans which were distributed to needy families through UNRWA’s distribution centers. Food cans are high in nutrition, easy to store and require no refrigerator, since there is no electricity in many parts of Gaza.

The Hashemite Charity Organization was one of the few organizations allowed to dispatch trucks to Gaza via the Kerem Shalom border crossing south of the Strip. The Kerem Shalom border crossing was partially open during the military operation, allowing an average of 50 trucks per day to enter Gaza. The supplies were then handed over to UNRWA to be distributed inside the Strip though UNRWA’s ten distribution centers. The Hashemite Charity Organization dispatched an average of 7 trucks per day to Gaza during the military attack.

Agriculture Industry

According to WFP, between 35-60 percent of the agriculture industry has been damaged by the Israeli military operation. FAO estimates that 13,000 families who depend directly on farming, herding and fishing have suffered significant damage to their livelihoods.

HCI’s post-conflict recovery and rehabilitation plan includes a livelihood support project for farmers, which will help hardest-hit farming families to recover their losses and resume their production activities. The first of these is an attempt to equip widows and at-risk youth with the tools they need to become self-sufficient, earning much needed additional income.

The project provides immediate livelihood relief to poor and vulnerable families in areas most affected by the latest conflict through in-kind and technical support for backyard food production (e.g. poultry, pigeons, rabbits, sheep, feed, bees, veterinary kits, water tanks and fingerlings), and provision of veterinary assistance during lambing season.

Another project, the ‘Beekeeping for Child Education and Family Income’ project, seeks to train such individuals in the art of honeymaking. By working with public schools in the area, teachers will impart technical bee-keeping skills to school students in need of additional means of financial support. Honey produced during the training process will fund teacher incomes and will be invested in the school’s facilities. HCI will furnish participants with the tools (beehives, bee strains…etc..) they need to start their very own beekeeping farms, small businesses producing quality local honey. The start-up costs for this project are small, and the potential for income is great. The prospective impact such a program will have on local farmers affected by the war is immense.

Local Economic Recovery

With the aim to support post-conflict sustainable livelihoods initiatives in the Gaza Strip, HCI is preparing a comprehensive workshop for HCI partner NGOs working inside the Strip.

Twelve participants identified from among HCI local partner NGOs working inside the Strip will travel to Cairo to participate in the Local Economic Recovery (LER) training workshop organized by HCI. Participants will draft a comprehensive local economic recovery plan to be supported by HCI and other international aid agencies. Quick impact projects/programs aiming to revitalize the economy and eventually lead to sustainable development will be developed.

The training program also aim to strengthen the participating NGOs’ operational tools and integrate them within a mainstreamed local economic recovery strategy in the Gaza Strip. Participants will review and analyze different activities and methodologies of supporting livelihoods within the context of local economic recovery approach.

Kindergartens Rehabilitation

In keeping with HCI’s past work to increase the availability of quality education in Palestine, a rehabilitation program for community-run kindergartens in Gaza has been developed. These Kindergartens, many of them have been largely damaged during the military operation, are in dire need of rehabilitation/rebuilding, both in the physical (sanitation, heating/air conditioning and ventilation) and theoretical (training, psychological teaching approaches) sense.

The ‘Brining Hope to Palestinian Pre-school Children’ kindergarten rehabilitation program will not only provide financial gains for new female teachers and parents returning to the work force, it will also provide children with a much needed distraction from the deteriorating circumstances in the Strip. These children will be exposed to a rich educational environment that will serve as a haven from the chaos, destruction and poverty of settlement life.

The Kindergartens will be provided with much needed educational materials and toys, as well as playgrounds. Teachers will be given educational training grounded in solid psychological methodology. New job openings will be created for tens of female instructors. Enrolment in kindergarten programs is expected to increase as a result of the availability of well-equipped kindergartens with strong curriculums and skilled teachers. Parents who enroll their children will be able to return to part or full time jobs, thus increasing their household income.

The project will provide temporary employment/aid-for-work opportunities for families without a breadwinner to participate in the rehabilitation of those kindergartens. This will provide unemployed workers with basic level of income, thereby reducing dependency on welfare handouts.

Since 2004, 3,854 children attending 34 kindergartens in the West Bank have benefited from similar program implemented by HCI through the rehabilitation of kindergartens as well as the provision of dairy supplements, nutrition items along with basic school supplies.

Household Economic Recovery

With the aim to support post-conflict sustainable livelihoods initiatives in the Gaza Strip on household level, HCI has designed a project that addresses household economic revival, by helping families to recover their losses and resume their economic activities and launch them on the path to self-support and maybe even beyond, towards a little prosperity.

The project involves the development of viable household micro businesses for beneficiaries, which would include business ideas generation, business viability assessments, and field coaching on the implementation and the management of income generating activities. Beneficiaries are individually selected by HCI in partnership with grassroots partners based on at-home needs assessment as well as pre-defined set of criteria.

In addition to extensive technical assistance during the design, the implementation and the management of the business, the project will contribute toward the working capital and fixed assets of the micro business but in the form of in-kind contributions. The project will also integrate other form of livelihood support approaches, including backyard food production and temporary employment/aid-for-work opportunities.

Health

A $1.8 million medical aid package has been put together by HCI with the help of Health Partners International of Canada (HPIC), to treat the sick, injured and malnourished. It will be coordinated through UNRWA and WHO inside Gaza. The shipment is scheduled to arrive to Aqaba port in Jordan in the coming 10 days, and which will be shipped by land to Gaza.

The shipment include medicines such as antibiotics, high-blood pressure and diabetes medicines, aspirin, blood clots, rheumatoid arthritis, , injectable anticoagulant, asthma and allergy, ulcers, and other medicines. The shipment also include large quantity of medical supplies such as needles and syringes, sharps containers, wound care, enteral feeding, blood collection, suction, electrodes, dialysis/vascular access, vascular therapy, sutures, and others.

In 2007, similar shipment of medications was sent to Gaza and the West Bank, were 60% of the designated items went to Gaza to the higher health committee of coordination, a body represented by both NGOs and community leaders to examine the health needs of people in Gaza.

Child Sponsorship

HCI’s child sponsorship program, which sponsors children from single mother-headed households, will be expanded to include new orphans inside Gaza. HCI has started the screening and the selection of orphans inside Gaza to be included in the scheme. Orphans sponsored by the scheme are individually selected by HCI in partnership with grassroots partners. The sponsorship is given to the orphan and their family to help towards living costs.

HCI’s regional child sponsorship program started in Palestine in 2006 by sponsoring 67 orphans. 83 Palestine children are now sponsored through this program.

Support for University Students

In addition to post-conflict relief and rehabilitation work which HCI is committed to and consistently pursuing in Gaza, Gazan students from the Bir Zeit University in the West Bank city of Ramallah are now receiving funds from HCI to contribute towards their living expenses. Despite decades of conflict and destruction, the Palestinian culture continues to hold education as one of the primary assets to an improved and progressive society. In fact, Palestine boasts one of the highest higher-education rates in the Arab region. Education is thus adamantly pursed, despite wars, despite poverty, and in face of all possible obstacles.

These young women and men have left their families behind in Gaza to pursue their education at the University of Bir Zeit in Ramallah but are now bearing the brunt of more devastation and destruction that has fallen upon their homes, their families, and their relatives in the Gaza strip. Not only have they been unable to reach or communicate with their families to ensure their safety but they themselves have lost all source of income and are now incapable of either financing their education or sustaining a living in Ramallah.

As a result, the University offered to waver some of the tuition payments for some of these Gazan students and HCI came in to provide the much needed sponsorship which would contribute towards the students living expenses. “Education goes beyond literacy; it is a capability which can ensure opportunity and HCI is continuing to support and motivate those who need it most”, commented Sara Barakat, HCI’s coordinator in the West Bank and the director of the local NGO, the Vocational & Rehabilitation Workshops for Girls in Gaza and the West Bank.

Accountability and Transparency

First, HCI only targets and deals with organizations and individuals that have a long and known history in the field of relief and development and are known for it, locally and otherwise. On the organization level, we scrutinize the organizations past experiences using them as benchmarks to determine and guarantee their accountability and integrity.

Second, HCI has established a list of pre-identified criteria which every potential partner must fulfil prior to selection. Some of the most fundamental pre-requisites that each and every one of our partners adhere to are non-political affiliation, a diverse and solid membership base, a proven history of technical and institutional capabilities, and financial transparency.

Third, in order to further guarantee the transparency of our operations, HCI currently refrains from channelling funds into Gaza. We do however provide for in-kind support in the form of physical materials. For example, beehives are offered to farmers who have lost their farms and equipments during the war. Also, equipments for home-based businesses such as sewing machines for women and widows can be provided. HCI would also assist in backyard food production through the distribution of cattle, chickens, rabbits, and seeds to families most in need.  Training for young entrepreneurs and the provision of technical assistance falls under this category.

Cash-for-assistance projects are also supported whereby temporary employment is secured to those who have lost their breadwinners. In this case the renovation tools offered by HCI to rehabilitate kindergartens would also involve labourers from the aforementioned category thereby extending the assistance to include income-generating activities through temporary employment.

These items are either transported from outside of Gaza through the West Bank or Jordan or may be provided from within Gaza by local suppliers in agreement with HCI.

Fourth, HCI follows a strict monitoring and evaluation system which involves more than one long-term partner organization. Some of these partners provide supervision from within; others offer logistical support while others are responsible for designing and assisting in the implementation of HCI’s projects. Thus, transparency and accountability are ensured through a complex multi-level monitoring and supervision system.

Finally and most importantly, one of HCI’s main objectives is to build the capacity of its local long-term partners by promoting to build their technical and organizational capacity and good governance not only to ensure accountability, transparency and good governance but also to ensure the long-term sustainability of HCI’s interventions.

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